Lower extremity edema is a multifaceted clinical presentation characterized by the abnormal accumulation
of interstitial fluid within the subcutaneous tissues of the lower limbs. This phenomenon often manifests
as visible swelling, which may be pitting or non-pitting in nature, contingent upon its underlying etiology.
The pathophysiology involves an intricate interplay of increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, reduced
oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, or enhanced capillary permeability. Etiologies are diverse,
spanning systemic conditions such as congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and hepatic
dysfunction, to localized factors like venous insufficiency, lymphedema, or trauma. A meticulous history
and physical examination, supplemented by diagnostic adjuncts including duplex ultrasonography or
laboratory investigations, are imperative to delineate the causative mechanism and guide targeted
intervention.
