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Several artifacts can cause significant and potentially misleading alterations to measured RBC parameters:

  • Old samples cause RBCs to swell, thus increasing PCV and MCV and decreasing MCHC.
  • Lipemia causes a falsely high Hgb reading, and hence a falsely high MCHC.
  • Hemolysis causes PCV to decrease while Hgb remains unchanged, again leading to a falsely high MCHC
  • Underfilling of the tube causes RBCs to shrink, causing PCV and MCV to decrease and MCHC to increase.
  • Autoagglutination causes a falsely low RBC count, and hence a falsely high MCV.


75% happen to older women

A hip fracture is one of the most serious consequences of falls in the elderly, with a mortality of 10% at one month and 30% at one year.

There is also significant morbidity associated with hip fractures, with only 50% returning to their previous level of mobility and 10 to 20% of patients being discharged to a residential or nursing care placement.

Up to 20% of patients with hip fractures will develop a postoperative complication, with chest infections (9%) and heart failure (5%) being the most common.

Developing heart failure following a hip fracture has a very poor prognosis, with a one-year mortality of 92% and a 30-day mortality of 65%.

For chest infections, the one-year mortality is 71% and 43% within 30 days.

The effect of timing of surgical intervention on mortality remains a controversial topic. Various studies have demonstrated an improvement in mortality following early surgical intervention, but other studies did not. However, there is widespread evidence that early operative intervention does improve outcomes, including morbidity (especially infections), pressure sores, pain, and length of stay.

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